Russian Phonology, Kartoniert / Broschiert

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Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. This article discusses the phonological system of standard Russian based on the Moscow dialect (unless otherwise noted). For discussion of other dialects, see Russian dialects. Russian possesses five vowels and consonants typically come in pairs of hard ( [tvo. rdj]) and soft ( [mæ.xkj]) or plain and palatalized. When a preceding consonant is hard, /i/ is retracted to []. Formant studies in Padgett (2001) demonstrate that [] is better characterized as slightly diphthongized from the velarization of the preceding consonant, implying that a phonological pattern of using velarization to enhance perceptual distinctiveness between hard and soft consonants is strongest before /i/. When unstressed, /i/ becomes near-close; that is, [] following a hard consonant and [] in most other environments. Between soft consonants, both stressed and unstressed /i/ are raised, as in [pit] ('to drink') and [malnkj] ('small'). When preceded and followed by coronal or dorsal consonants, [] is fronted to [].