Dean L Urban: Agents and Implications of Landscape Pattern, Kartoniert / Broschiert

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The Physical Template of Landscapes .- 1.1. Introduction .- 1.2. Gradient Analysis .- 1.2.1. Gradient Complexes .- 1.3. The Water Balance .- 1.3.1. A Simple Model: PET = AET + Deficit .- 1.4. Estimating Elements of the Template .- 1.4.1. Temperature .- 1.4.2. Radiation .- 1.4.3. Precipitation .- 1.4.4. Soils .- 1.5. Case Study: the Sierra Nevada .- 1.5.1. The Physical Template of the Sierra Nevada .- 1.6. Summary and Conclusions .- References .- Biotic Processes as Agents of Pattern .- 2.1. Introduction .- 2.2. The "Pattern and Process" Paradigm .- 2.3. Coupling of Demographic Processes .- 2.4. Interaction with the Physical Template .- 2.4.1. Coupling Demography and the Physical Template .- 2.4.2. Competition along Environmental Gradients .- 2.4.3. Illustration: Gradient Response in the Sierra Nevada .- 2.4.4. The Unit Pattern Revisited .- 2.5. Dispersal as an Agent of Pattern .- 2.6. Animals, Pests, and Pathogens .- 2.6.1. Animals, Pests and Pathogens as Subtle Agents .- 2.6.2. Animals as Dramatic Agents .- 2.7. Summary and Conclusions .- References .- Disturbances and Disturbance Regimes .- 3.1. Introduction .- 3.1.1 Context and Definitions .- 3.2. Perspectives and Lessons .- 3.2.1. Are Disturbances "Part of the System"? .- 3.2.2. Interactions, Synergies, and Indirect Effects .- 3.2.3. Disturbances and Positive Feedbacks .- 3.2.4. Overlapping Disturbances and Legacies .- 3.2.5. Heterogeneity in Disturbance and Response .- 3.3. Disaggregating Disturbance toward Generality. 3.3.1 A Not-too-General Model.- 3.3.2. The Fire Regime in the Sierra Nevada .- 3.4. Characteristic Dynamics .- 3.5. Humans and Disturbance Regimes .- 3.5.1. Human Impacts on Natural Disturbances - 3.5.2. Novel Disturbance Regimes .- 3.5.3 Human Perception and Landscape Change .- 3.6.Agents of Pattern: Reprise .- 3.7. Summary and Conclusions .- References 78.- 4. Scale and Scaling - 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. The Importance of Scale in Ecology.- 4.2.1. Observational Scale as a Filter on Nature.- 4.2.2. Characteristic Scaling.- 4.2.3. Sampling Grain and Extent, and Statistical Behavior .- 4.3. Scaling Techniques .- 4.3.1. Scaling Techniques for Geostatistical Data.- 4.3.2. Illustration: Scaling of the Sierran Physical Template.- 4.4. Tactical Scaling.- 4.4.1. Tactical Targeting of Sampling Scale(s) .- 4.4.2. Avoid or Embrace Space? .- 4.5. Summary and Conclusions .- References .- 5. Inferences on Landscape Pattern.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Patchiness and Patches .- 5.2.1. Patch Definition .- 5.3. Landscape Pattern Metrics .- 5.3.1. Levels of Analysis .- 5.3.2. Components of Pattern .- 5.3.2 Correlation and Redundancy .- 5.3.4. Alternative Framings for Landscape Pattern .- 5.4. Interpreting Landscape Metrics .- 5.4.1. Neutral Models and Neutral Landscapes .- 5.4.2. Neutral Templates for Landscape Processes .- 5.4.3. Extending Neutral Models: Agents of Pattern.- 5.5. Explanatory Models and Inferences .- 5.5.1. Approaches to Inferences on Pattern.- 5.5.2. Illustrations .- 5.5. Explanatory Models and Inferences .- .- 5.5.1. Approaches to Inferences on Pattern .- 5.5.2. Illustrations .- 5.5.3. Inferences on Pattern: Area versus Configuration.- 5.5.4 Inferences on Pattern: the State-of-the-Art.- 5.6. Summary and Conclusions. References .- Implications of Pattern: Metapopulations .- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Metapopulations in Theory .- 6.2.1. The Lev