Daniel Dzurisin: Volcano Deformation, Gebunden

Short description

This book describes the techniques used by volcanologists to successfully predict several recent volcanic eruptions by combining information from various scientific disciplines, including geodetic techniques. Many recent developments in the use of state-of-the-art and emerging techniques, including Global Positioning System and Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry, mean that most books on volcanology are out of date, and this book includes chapters devoted entirely to these two techniques.

Content

1 The modern volcanologist s tool kit.- 1.1 Volcanoes in motion when deformation gets extreme.- 1.1.1 The ups and downs of a Roman market Phlegraean Fields Caldera, Italy.- 1.1.2 Remarkable uplifts in the Galápagos Islands Fernandina and Alcedo Volcanoes.- 1.1.3 Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea, 1994.- 1.1.4 The bulge at Mount St. Helens, 1980.- 1.2 Volcanology in the information age.- 1.2.1 Volcano hazards mitigation a complicated business.- 1.2.2 Lessons from Armero, Colombia.- 1.2.3 Communication a key to effective hazards mitigation.- 1.3 A brief survey of volcano-monitoring techniques.- 1.3.1 Seismology ~ cornerstone of volcano monitoring.- 1.3.2 Volcano geochemistry.- 1.3.3 Volcano geophysics.- 1.3.4 Hydrologic responses to stress and strain.- 1.3.5 Remote-sensing techniques.- 1.3.6 Volcano hazards and risk assessment techniques.- 1.3.7 A mobile volcano-monitoring system.- 1.4 An introduction to geodetic sensors and techniques.- 1.4.1 The emergence of volcano geodesy.- 1.4.2 Continuous sensors and repeat surveys.- 1.4.3 Tiltmeters, strainmeters, and continuous GPS.- 1.4.4 Repeated surveys leveling, FDM, and GPS.- 1.4.5 Photography, photogrammetry, and water-level gauging.- 2 Classical surveying techniques.- 2.1 Early geodetic surveys.- 2.2 Reference systems and datums.- 2.3 Geodetic networks.- 2.4 Trilateration and triangulation.- 2.4.1 FDM and theodolite surveys, with examples from Mount St. Helens and Long Valley Caldera.- 2.4.2 Triangulation and total-station surveys.- 2.5 Leveling and tilt-leveling surveys.- 2.5.1 Field procedures and accuracy.- 2.5.2 Single-setup leveling.- 2.5.3 Geodetic leveling.- 2.5.4 Tilt-leveling results at South Sister Volcano, Oregon.- 2.5.5 Repeated leveling surveys at Medicine Lake Volcano, California.- 2.6 Photogrammetry.- 2.6.1 Mapping the 1980 north flank bulge at Mount St. Helens.- 2.6.2 Oblique-angle and fixed-camera photogrammetry.- 2.7 Microgravity surveys.- 2.7.1 Physical principles.- 2.7.2 Results from Kflauea Volcano, Hawai i.- 2.7.3 Results from Miyakejima Volcano, Japan.- 2.8 Magnetic field measurements.- 2.8.1 Physical mechanisms.- 2.8.2 Changes associated with eruptions at Mount St. Helens.- 2.8.3 Results from Long Valley Caldera.- 3 Continuous monitoring with in situ sensors.- 3.1 Seismometers.- 3.1.1 A brief history of seismology.- 3.1.2 An introduction to seismic waves and earthquake types.- 3.1.3 Basic principles of seismometers.- 3.1.4 Current research topics in volcano seismology.- 3.2 Tiltmeters.- 3.2.1 Short-base bubble tiltmeters.- 3.2.2 The Ideal-Aero smith mercury capacitance tiltmeter.- 3.2.3 Long-base fluid tiltmeters.- 3.3 Strainmeters.- 3.3.1 Linear strainmeters (extensometers).- 3.3.2 The Sacks-Evertson volumetric strainmeter.- 3.3.3 The Gladwin tensor strainmeter.- 3.4 Continuous GPS.- 3.5 Some cautions about near-surface deformation sensors.- 3.6 Continuous gravimeters.- 3.6.1 Absolute gravimeters.- 3.6.2 Relative gravimeters the magic of zero-length springs and superconductivity.- 3.6.3 Gravity results from selected volcanoes.- 3.7 Differential lake gauging.- 3.7.1 Monitoring active deformation at Lake Taupo, New Zealand.- 3.7.2 Lake terraces as paleo-tiltmeters.- 3.8 Concluding remarks.- 4 The Global Positioning System: A multipurpose tool.- 4.1 Global positioning principles.- 4.1.1 Reference surfaces and coordinate systems: the geoid and ellipsoid.- 4.1.2 Point positioning and relative positioning.- 4.2 An overview of GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo.- 4.2.1 Who controls GPS?.- 4.2.2 NAVSTAR satellite constellation.- 4.2.3 GLONASS satellite constellation.- 4.2.4 Galileo Global Navigation Satellite System.- 4.3 GPS signal structure: what do the satellites broadcast?.- 4.3.1 L1 and L2 carrier signals, C/A-code, P-code, and Y-code.- 4.3.2 Selective availability and anti-spoofing.- 4.3.3 Navigation message.- 4.4 Observables: what do GPS receivers measure?.- 4.4.1 Code pseudoranges.- 4.4.2 Carrier phase and carrier-beat phase.- 4.5 Data combinations and differences.

Blurb

Volcanoes and eruptions are dramatic surface man­ telemetry and processing, and volcano-deformation ifestations of dynamic processes within the Earth, source models over the past three decades. There has mostly but not exclusively localized along the been a virtual explosion of volcano-geodesy studies boundaries of Earth's relentlessly shifting tectonic and in the modeling and interpretation of ground­ plates. Anyone who has witnessed volcanic activity deformation data. Nonetheless, other than selective, has to be impressed by the variety and complexity of brief summaries in journal articles and general visible eruptive phenomena. Equally complex, works on volcano-monitoring and hazards mitiga­ however, if not even more so, are the geophysical, tion (e. g. , UNESCO, 1972; Agnew, 1986; Scarpa geochemical, and hydrothermal processes that occur and Tilling, 1996), a modern, comprehensive treat­ underground - commonly undetectable by the ment of volcano geodesy and its applications was human senses - before, during, and after eruptions. non-existent, until now. Experience at volcanoes worldwide has shown that, In the mid-1990s, when Daniel Dzurisin (DZ to at volcanoes with adequate instrumental monitor­ friends and colleagues) was serving as the Scientist­ ing, nearly all eruptions are preceded and accom­ in-Charge of the USGS Cascades Volcano Observa­ panied by measurable changes in the physical and tory (CVO), I first learned of his dream to write a (or) chemical state of the volcanic system. While book on volcano geodesy.